Embedded Files
Inspiring empathy, education and conservation action through animal encounters (in the wild and in professional care) that are enriching, engaging and sustainable.
Kelly Fischbach
Global Field Program - 2024
Keywords: Animal Behavior, Animal Welfare, Anthrozoology, Aquariums, Behavioral Husbandry, Conservation, Ecotourism, Empathy, Wildlife, Zoos
Introduction
Introduction
As an Animal Behaviorist, I have had amazing opportunities to care for, teach, learn from, and share stories about some incredible animals that serve as ambassadors for their counterparts in the wild. I’ve taught gorillas to accept a cardiac ultrasound, a giraffe calf to accept a bottle, and dolphins to chase a remote-controlled speedboat while holding their breath. Some of my favorite behaviors are ones that promote cooperative care, support research initiatives or demonstrate the amazing adaptations and natural history of the species. Sharing these incredible successes with guests enables me to inspire empathy for animals and motivation to conserve. The relationships that I have built with animals throughout my career have stoked my own curiosity, and continue to encourage me to explore wild places in search of wildlife and conservation success stories.
Figure 1: Kona, Hawaii; 2012. Relationships developed with animals allow for unique guest educational and entertaining opportunities. Guests sign up for a fun experience, but gain a deeper appreciation for animals and an understanding of conservation.
Figure 2: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; October 2019. Learning about Amazon river dolphins through sustainable ecotourism.
February 2024; news headlines read “Landmark UN report: The world’s migratory species of animals are in decline, and the global extinction risk is increasing”, describing habitat loss and over-exploitation as the most significant threats that migratory species face (Landmark, 2024). Climate change, pollution and invasive species pose additional threats to biodiversity, and these problems can be attributed to anthropogenic (human-based) causes. Biodiversity is on an alarming downward trajectory, and conservationists are in a race against extinction to learn about and recover species before it’s too late (Williams, 2024). Zoos are beginning to take a more active role in bridging the gap between ex-situ (in managed care) and in-situ (in natural environments) conservation (Tribe & Booth, 2003). Being in the presence of an animal and learning about them both as a species and as individuals helps to foster a sense of empathy and encourage pro-environmental behavior (Young et. al, 2018). Similarly, experiencing wildlife in natural habitats can inspire a sense of awe and conservation accountability and contribute to scientific understanding (Ballantyne et al., 2008). In both contexts of wildlife viewing, whether in human care or the natural environment, animal wellness must be balanced with education and conservation.
Anthropomorphism (attributing human characteristics to animals) has long been avoided by professionals in zoos; however, observers frequently form anthropomorphic opinions. While observing a lion participating in species-typical behavior behavior at a zoo (sleeping twenty hours a day), a zoo visitor might conclude that it is depressed (Burnet, 2024). Anthropomorphism can be creatively employed to teach about animals and their behavior, and encourage empathy and conservation. In the wild, ecotour operators are making advancements in sustainable wildlife watching to preserve their livelihood through the conservation of ecosystems by educating travelers on the cultural and ecological importance of species (Samia, 2023). Conservation is complicated, and there isn’t a cookie-cutter, one-size-fits-all solution. The reality is much more complex, with cultural and socio-economic pressures that are best understood by those closest to it. Connection comes first, and then understanding and problem-solving together.
Master Plan
Master Plan
Connecting people with wild animals and places in ways that are enriching, engaging, and sustainable to people and wildlife is the central focus of my master’s work. I seek to inspire zoos and wildlife observers to achieve best practices of animal wellness, while participating in conservation, and engaging others to do the same. Focusing on the topics of animal wellness, empathy, the human/animal connection, and sustainable ecotourism, my portfolio explores advancing conservation and animal wellness. Please journey along with my portfolio as I share the moments and connections I experienced in the Global Field Program as I achieved my Master’s degree in Biology from Miami University.
Exploring the Wellness of Animals in Professional Care
Exploring the Wellness of Animals in Professional Care
Animals in zoos and aquariums act as important ambassadors for their species, educating guests and inspiring conservation, and they might have special considerations for their wellbeing. One of the ways that zoos and aquariums accomplish this is by establishing wellness, enrichment and behavior programs that help ensure animals thrive (Martin et. al., 2024).
Zoological institutions are like living laboratories where we can collect data to conserve species, manage populations to preserve genetic diversity and inspire conservation through the interpretation of animal ambassadors (Beer et. al., 2023). Advancements in monitoring animal wellness is an increasing topic, especially for charismatic megafauna like great apes, elephants and cetaceans (Hosey, 2020). Two general forms of monitoring animal welfare are used, behavioral observation and hormonal surveillance. While conducting research for an Inquiry Action Project, I explored the benefits and drawbacks of each method, and how both might be used collectively to achieve a more complete understanding of animal welfare.
Researching Welfare Monitoring in Zoos, gave me the opportunity to practice Inquiry and develop scientific writing skills while investigating a topic that supported my increased understanding of how zoos and aquariums measure animal wellness. Fostering empathy for animals and wild places should include a careful consideration for animal wellness. I am naturally curious, but initially found it challenging to focus my curiosity into a comparative question that could be investigated. Through my analysis of the existing research, I developed the understanding that behavioral monitoring and hormonal surveillance can be employed in a variety of conditions in zoological institutions. When possible, the combination of results from both yields a stronger understanding of animal wellness.
Conservation can’t happen in a bubble; animals in human care play an important role, and animals in nature are often subject to anthropogenic impacts. Knowledge gained in the study of animals in human care can greatly benefit wild counterparts in a variety of ways, including encouraging Environmental Stewardship, as we learn better ways to interpret and respond to animal behavior. Instead, animal caretakers and wildlife viewers should continue to challenge themselves and long-held beliefs with objective observation and data collection to support advancement. The foundations of this project, along with the support of my institution, inspired me to apply this knowledge to conduct a behavioral observation study on Atlantic bottlenose dolphins.
Figure 3: July 2023, Capetown, South Africa. Endangered African black-footed penguins at Boulders Beach. Time Depth Recorders (TDRs) have been historically used to monitor movements of wild penguins, as anthropogenic impacts could cause migration of prey species, resulting in longer foraging distances for the penguins. The same technology is used in professional care to monitor animal wellness data points such as habitat use (Fuller, Heintz & Allard 2019).
Figure 4: May 2023, Miami, Florida. African black-footed penguin ambassadors.
Effects of Interaction Programs on Cetacean Behavior
Dolphin interactive programs are common in aquariums across the US. They often feature the opportunity to wade or immerse yourself in the water with dolphins and learn about their behaviors, ecology and conservation in an entertaining way– but are they as fun for the dolphins as they are for humans? Previous studies have determined that this is true (Lucrezi, 2024; Trone, et. al., 2005). To learn more, I observed a population of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins that reside at a facility that routinely hosts swim with the dolphin programs. Measuring their behaviors outside of session to see how they chose to spend their time, I selected behaviors that were indicative of positive, neutral and negative affective states. Comparing times of low and high levels of interaction activities, I found that there was no statistically significant difference in the behaviors shown out of session.
This original research project gave me the opportunity to practice inquiry, project design, data collection data analysis, and scientific writing. I designed a research study where I observed behaviors that dolphins chose to engage in when they were out of session (e.g. not interacting with humans). By studying their behaviors, swimming patterns and affiliations, I hoped to gain a deeper understanding of how their behavior might differ between times of low vs. high guest interaction. I learned that for the population of Atlantic dolphins in my study group, there wasn’t a statistically significant difference in behaviors performed in low vs. high guest times. One possible reason for this finding is that the dolphins find guest interaction rewarding, and that during times of low guest numbers, the trainers are skilled at providing enriching sessions and activities for the dolphins that enable them to experience a consistency of wellness across seasons.
Developing empathy for animals is an important part of generating a conservation-mindset, and one of the best ways to develop a fondness for an animal is to meet one. Facilities accredited by the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA) include conservation messages within their programs, making an entertaining, educational opportunity also a window for conservation education. The conservation of charismatic megafauna also benefits natural environments and biodiversity by inspiring Environmental Stewardship. This project shows that it’s possible that animal ambassadors could enjoy the interactions as much as people do. In future studies, I would like to integrate behavioral observational data with hormonal surveillance data for a more complete understanding. The results of this project gave me momentum to continue exploring human-animal relationships, and inspired the next area of focus in my Master Plan, Anthrozoology. I wanted to apply what I learned to increase wellness for and improve public perception of non-traditional species: fish.
Figure 5: Data chart showing behaviors that the dolphins engaged in. No statistically significant difference in behaviors performed was found.
Anthrozoology: Generating Empathy through the Human-Animal Connection
Anthrozoology: Generating Empathy through the Human-Animal Connection
Animals in zoos and aquariums have an important role to play, as ambassadors for their species, but are we meeting their needs in professional care? Wellness, enrichment and behavior programs are great ways to ensure that animals in zoos and aquariums receive the best possible quality of life.
Teaching Aquarists to be Behaviorists
Training is a great means of environmental enrichment, which can dramatically increase animal wellness (Westlund, 2014). Giving animals the opportunity to learn new behaviors and experience choice and control allows relationships to develop between animal and caretaker, while decreasing the need for manual restraint to complete routine husbandry tasks. Training animals in human care can be as simple as creating specific patterns that enable the animals to predict what comes next and behave accordingly, or as complicated as conditioning cooperative care behaviors. The team of aquarists at my facility expressed an interest in learning how to incorporate behavioral husbandry into their routines with fish. I developed a presentation that would guide aquarists through principles of animal learning, gave them opportunity to practice skills through the “training game”, developed record-keeping systems, reviewed training plans and conducted follow-ups to learn how behaviors were progressing. As a result of this new training program, aquarists recorded 192 individual training sessions with a sand tiger shark.
A few months after initiating this project, a job transfer made for some additional challenges, but the team and I adapted strategies to continue advancing the program. The expertise of the aquarists in their application of behavioral husbandry to species they understood well made this project a success. Aquarists learned a great new skill that will help enhance the husbandry and welfare of their animals, and they taught me about sharks and rays! Because I had less experience and knowledge of the natural history of the animals that we were working with, this project was an opportunity for Voice and Community as I learned from the aquarists. Visitors had the opportunity to enjoy training sessions with fish, often remarking they didn’t know that a fish could be trained, or be so personable. These interactions often inspired guests to ask questions and learn more about fish, and leave with a greater understanding and respect for them (Corwin, 2012).
The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) now includes enrichment and behavioral husbandry elements in their accreditation process, which will positively impact the welfare of many different species. With a stronger focus on behavioral husbandry, these programs will have a positive impact on many species that have not yet been exposed to training programs. While completing this project, and with the help of the aquarists, I learned how to translate skills from one taxon to another, and grew in my understanding of behavioral husbandry alongside the learners (the aquarists!). I look forward to exploring future opportunities to share my understanding of animal learning in order to benefit less-often trained species. Learning more about underrepresented species' natural history, closing knowledge gaps in husbandry practices, contributing to individual welfare, inspiring conservation and enhancing guest engagement are a variety of ways in which behavioral husbandry can have lasting impacts. One of the more interesting observations during this project was the increase in guest interest while observing training sessions with aquatic animals. While my original goal of this project was to increase animal wellness, I realized that within it was an opportunity to garner empathy for animals, especially those that are less charismatic, and sometimes even feared. I wanted to see if images present in social media had greater reach if the photos depicted animals alone, or animals and humans in the same frame.
Figure 6: March 2024, relationship-building with a cownose stingray, and mentoring aquarists on ways to share the species with guests to inspire empathy and conservation action.
The Influence of Anthropogenic Content in Aquarium Social Media
In the digital age, social media is one of the easiest ways to generate a substantial reach. By generating eye-catching, engaging content, one might have their post go viral, expanding their range, and, therefore, marketing and conservation exponentially. However, the depiction of animals in social media is not without risks; a cute or exciting photo might inadvertently promote illegal wildlife trade (Bergmann et. al., 2022). What posts do viewers perceive as the most interesting (and therefore interact with most)? I wanted to investigate if anthropogenic content, potentially showing the relationship between humans and animals, was interesting to social media users in this Inquiry. I researched the Instagram accounts of five AZA-accredited aquariums across the United States to determine if viewers tended to interact with posts that included humans or were animal-only focused. I included photos that fit into two categories: mammal and non-mammal (birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates).
I discovered posts that had the most interactions (likes and comments) were ones that had a human (keeper or guest) included. The interest in photos, including humans, could be explained by interest in human-animal interactions and relationships. This interest can be leveraged by content creators to demonstrate responsible and ethical ways to engage with animals, and encourage their audiences to participate in Environmental Stewardship through inspiring conservation initiatives.
Completing this study helped me to develop a greater understanding of purposeful inquiry. My previous project ignited an interest, but I hadn’t yet formed a comparative question to be studied. Practicing the steps of research design and implementation is a skill I’m grateful to have honed through my Project Dragonfly journey. The results of this study shows that the relationship between animal and person can be used to generate interest, empathy and conservation action. There are many ways to do this, including increasing keeper/animal interaction time during keeper chats and presentations and social media vignettes that show the keeper/animal bond. These moments can include a conservation message and call to action. Wild animals also have an important role to play in sharing conservation education awareness, but wildlife ecotourism can be complicated. My next focus takes a closer look at ecotourism and how travelers can be mindful of their impacts on wildlife, local ecosystems and cultures.
Figure 7: Social Media of Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, Georgia; September 2023. A comparison of images that fit the study criteria. On the left is an example without a human subject, and on the right, a similar photo with a human subject.
Sustainable, Ethical Ecotourism
Sustainable, Ethical Ecotourism
Just before joining Project Dragonfly, I had the opportunity to travel to Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil to learn about the endangered Amazon river dolphin, also known locally as the boto. This experience laid some foundations for my time with Project Dragonfly, but I didn’t yet have the formal introduction to channel the new conservation perspectives that I was beginning to develop. Through investigation of emerging technologies that can be used to aid conservation, I was in a position to consider some of the experiences that I had in Brazil through the lens of what I had learned in my Belize Earth Expedition (EE) the previous summer.
Using Google Earth, I developed a virtual tour of the expedition that I traveled on in 2019. After ten days of enjoying the natural beauty of the Amazon rainforest, we would swim with botos. The anticipation of this encounter was both exhilarating and the cause for some unease. In the United States, the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 makes interacting with wild marine mammals illegal, as habituation can cause animals to become comfortable around people, and even dependent upon them for food. However, the other use for botos in the Amazon is even less agreeable; they are captured, and their oily meat is used as bait to catch catfish bound for oriental markets. This project allowed me to re-position previous experiences and develop a deeper Global Understanding, and a spirit of Inquiry, as I now ask questions to understand instead of starting with assumption.
These lessons were fortified during my EE to Namibia in Summer 2023. Our class had the privilege to give Voice to, and learn from a rancher named Johan, who challenged all of us to reconsider our feelings about trophy hunting. Johan patiently described to us the perspective that many ranchers have when it comes to sharing land with predators that are likely to predate upon their livestock. He explained that trophy hunting can be used to motivate conservation, as ranchers want to keep their land suitable for predators, so that occasional trophy hunts can offset the loss of livestock. While the outcome of the class’ opinions may have varied at the end of his discussion, the overall consensus was that dialogues like this were very important, and we were very grateful that he shared with us– a group he knew very likely that would disagree with his perspective. It was a growth opportunity for us all to develop our Global Understanding. Conservation is complicated, and should be approached with empathy, for animals and local communities. The exploration into ecotourism in this project inspired me to look deeper into sustainable wildlife-based ecotourism for my Author Leadership Challenge (ALC).
Figure 8: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; August 2023. Amazon river dolphins, “botos” are fed up to 2 kilograms of fish per day at platforms where tourists enter the water with them. Although contrary to what is practiced in the United States, this offers a unique opportunity to meet and learn about the botos, which are deeply entwined in regional folklore. In some parts of the Amazon, botos are captured and killed to be used as catfish bait. Carefully measured tourism offers an alternative income incentivizing keeping botos alive.
Ecotourism: Avoiding Monkey Business-- Seven Seas Media
Inspired by the previous project, Sustainable Ecotourism, I wanted to discover how sustainable in-situ wildlife encounters can inspire empathy and conservation mindsets. The paradigm of seeing/experiencing to motivate change can be tricky when it comes to delicate ecosystems. Travel is inherently impactful upon the environment, whether by air, land or sea. Increased foot traffic, litter transportation emissions, disease transmission, the introduction of non-native or invasive species, animal habituation and cultural transmissions are a few of the risks that can be posed when travel is increased to an area. But with a few mindful changes, it’s possible to reduce and/or mitigate these risks. In the Science Leadership Media Workshop, I wrote an article that would be published in Seven Seas Media, entitled “Ecotourism: Avoiding Monkey Business”.
Writing this article was an exercise in presenting daunting information in a more positive way; similarly to discussing climate change, I found ways to share the good news and how individuals can modify behavior to mitigate negative impacts. Encouraging readers to continue developing a sense of Environmental Stewardship, Community Participation and Global Understanding through sustainable eco-travel, Ecotourism: Avoiding Monkey Business suggests ways in which readers can mitigate negative impacts and amplify the positive ones. Through my research for this article, I learned of new ways to be even more sustainable during travel.
Discovering ethical and sustainable ecotourism opportunities can be a challenge. Social media and marketing have grown to use greenwashing, or giving the false impression that a company is environmentally-conscious, making it difficult to determine if the organization is really making efforts to reduce their impact. While some groups have designed certification programs to verify organizations’ commitment to sustainability, it’s often difficult for a traveler to know where to start and find them. The development of a website or blog that crowdsources information about tours and guides, giving them green ratings can help guide eco-travelers to find sustainable, ethical experiences.
Figure 9: Isla Mujeres, Mexico; September 2023. Solo Buceo, a responsible whale shark watching tour enforces whale shark etiquette including required lifejackets, a guide to guest ratio of 1:2, controlled entry, no touching, no single-use plastics on board, and no use of sunscreen.
Conclusion
Conclusion
Empathy is a powerful tool in motivating individuals to care and conserve. As biodiversity continues to decline, zoological institutions and ecotourism hold great value to progressing conservation initiatives through enriching, engaging and sustainable wildlife opportunities. In a winding way, as goals were realized, they were accomplished and gave way to new goals throughout my Master Plan. Throughout the program, I developed greater knowledge of the depth and breadth of conservation and that its success is directly linked to Community Participation, Voice and a Global Understanding. Conservation is complicated, and as my time as a student of the GFP winds down, I know that in some ways the journey has only just begun. I look forward to expanding my knowledge in conservation through thoughtful Inquiry, finding others who have perspectives that challenge my own, and sharing what I learn in the process.
Over the course of my journey as a student, I have had incredible opportunities to learn from conservation leaders, communities, and peers. These experiences have helped me to hone a greater understanding of global perspectives and the importance of community, and develop strategies in collaborative leadership (Van Dierendonck, 2011). I’ve learned to ask questions to develop a deeper understanding of conservation issues, which can be very complicated! All of these attributes contribute to a growing responsibility of environmental stewardship that I plan to use to inspire others. As someone who enjoys traveling, the Earth Expeditions (EEs) were opportunities to take what I learned into a global classroom, and the connections made with in-country partners and peers were invaluable assets to my experiences. Fostering empathy is a great way to inspire conservation and pro-environmental behavior, and zoos have a great opportunity to contribute to scientific knowledge, advance animal welfare and husbandry techniques, and evoke empathy to inspire conservation action; not only within their institutions, but also in natural environments.
I am grateful for the personal and professional growth that I achieved in the Global Field Program with Project Dragonfly, and I’m thrilled to be traveling as an alumna this summer to study Wildlife and People in Integrated Landscapes in Kenya! After graduation, I hope to continue my involvement with Project Dragonfly, to help shape future generations of conservationists, while also expanding my Global Understanding of conservation. With the lessons I have learned in the GFP, I will continue to seek opportunities to increase empathy toward animals through enriching and engaging experiences both in the wild, and in human care. I will strive to share what I’ve learned with others, seek perspectives that challenge my own and elevate others voices.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
My experience as a master’s degree student was incredible, thanks to many that I was fortunate to meet along the way. Instructors, fellow students, and especially in-country partners all greatly contributed to the amazing experience, helping me to learn that people and connections are the key to conservation. I am especially grateful for my academic advisor, Katie Feilen, who supported and guided me through my Project Dragonfly journey.
Biography
Biography
Kelly is an animal behaviorist specializing in novel approaches to animal wellness, research, conservation and guest engagement. After achieving her undergraduate degree in Psychology with minors in Animal Behavior and Zoo Biology from Canisius University, she began her career in animal behavior, working with many species of animals. From belugas to gorillas, pangolins AND penguins, pygmy hippos, cassowaries, red wolves, and everything in between, each species and individual she encountered was unique.
Her studies have taken her to the Pacific Northwest, Ecuador, the Galápagos Islands, Bermuda, Brazil, Belize, Peru, South Africa and Namibia. This year she will travel with Earth Expeditions to Kenya, studying Wildlife and People in Integrated Landscapes. She believes that generating empathy through wildlife opportunities is an emerging pathway to conservation success both locally and globally, and that zoos and ecotourism have valuable roles to play. By developing experiences that engage and enrich humans and animals, interpreters can forge a connection between species and motivate conservation-mindedness and pro-environmental behaviors.
Throughout her experience in the Global Field Program, the importance of community and global understanding to conservation initiatives was reinforced. She anticipates the next steps in her Master Plan, Conservation Connections: Enriching, Engaging and Sustainable Experiences, to be exploring ways in which zoological institutions, community-based conservation and ecotourism can collaborate and inspire conservation awareness and environmental stewardship on local and global scales.
References
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., Hughes, K., & Dierking, L. (2007). Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environmental Education Research, 13(3), 367-383.
Beer, H. N., Shrader, T. C., Schmidt, T. B., & Yates, D. T. (2023). The Evolution of Zoos as Conservation Institutions: A Summary of the Transition from Menageries to Zoological Gardens and Parallel Improvement of Mammalian Welfare Management. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 4(4), 648-664.
Bergman, J. N., Buxton, R. T., Lin, H. Y., Lenda, M., Attinello, K., Hajdasz, A. C., ... & Bennett, J. R. (2022). Evaluating the benefits and risks of social media for wildlife conservation. Facets, 7(1), 360-397.
Burnet, M. (2024). Rethinking anthropomorphism. Association of Zoos & Aquariums. https://www.aza.org/connect-stories/stories/rethinking-anthropomorphism
Corwin AL. Training fish and aquatic invertebrates for husbandry and medical behaviors. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2012 Sep;15(3):455-67. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2012.06.009. Epub 2012 Aug 3. PMID: 22998962.
Fuller, G., Heintz, M. R., & Allard, S. (2019). Validation and welfare assessment of flipper-mounted time-depth recorders for monitoring penguins in zoos and aquariums. Applied animal behaviour science, 212, 114-122.
Hosey G., Melfi V., Ward S.J. (2020) Problematic Animals in the Zoo: The Issue of Charismatic Megafauna. In: Angelici F., Rossi L. (eds) Problematic Wildlife II. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42335-3_15
Landmark UN Report: The world’s Migratory Species of animals are in decline, and the global extinction risk is increasing. UN Environment. (2024.). https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/landmark-un-report-worlds-migratory-species-animals-are-decline-and
Lucrezi, S. (2024). Assessing tourists’ perceptions to support the sustainable development of swim-with-dolphin tourism. Journal of Ecotourism, 1-19.
Martin, S., Stafford, G., & Miller, D. S. (2024). A Reexamination of the Relationship between Training Practices and Welfare in the Management of Ambassador Animals. Animals, 14(5), 736.
Samia, A. (2023). A Global Exploration of Modernization, Anthropomorphism, and Wildlife Values. Journal of International Social Research, 16(102).
Shannon, G., Larson, C. L., Reed, S. E., Crooks, K. R., & Angeloni, L. M. (2017). Ecological consequences of ecotourism for wildlife populations and communities. Ecotourism’s promise and peril: A biological evaluation, 29-46.
Tribe, A., & Booth, R. (2003). Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservation. Human dimensions of wildlife, 8(1), 65-74.
Trone, M., Kuczaj, S., & Solangi, M. (2005). Does participation in Dolphin–Human Interaction Programs affect bottlenose dolphin behaviour?. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 93(3-4), 363-374.
Van Dierendonck, Dirk. "Servant leadership: A review and synthesis." Journal of management 37, no. 4 (2011): 1228-1261.
Westlund, K. (2014). Training is enrichment—And beyond. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 152, 1-6.
Williams, T. M. (2024). Racing extinction: Can science act fast enough to save large, endangered mammals?. Science, 383(6682), eadn9607.
Young, A., Khalil, K. A., & Wharton, J. (2018). Empathy for animals: A review of the existing literature. Curator: The Museum Journal, 61(2), 327-343.
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse